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Qualifying and quantifying medical uncertainty in 10th-century Baghdad: Abu Bakr al-Razi.
Al-Razi rose to become a hospital director both in Rayy (his home town, and now a suburb of Tehran) and Baghdad. This hospital environment proved important for his medical research. By the 10th century, hospitals in Baghdad had developed into quite sophisticated institutions. For instance, in the 920s and 930s, a powerful vizier by the name ‘Ali ibn ‘Isa endeavoured to improve public health, bo...
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The Melkites, Jacobites, and Nestorians were the main Christian communities under Muslim rule. Several pre-Islamic Arab Christian authors wrote treatises concerning their beliefs in Arabic, some of which date back to the early Islamic centuries. The multiplicity of such polemical works suggests an intellectually open society and a degree of tolerance shown by Muslim leaders. Abu Raʾita...
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according to halabi, a theologian and jurist in fifth century (ah), a human being is a responsible creature who needs a guide to carry out his responsibilities. while imam mahdi was present, one had to refer to him for guidence, but in his absence one has to refer to a just faqih. thus, there is no other choice; all other ruling systems lacking legitimacy.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: KALAM
سال: 2017
ISSN: 2540-7759,0853-9510
DOI: 10.24042/klm.v9i2.335